This document describes results from the 2022 global OHI assessment. This is mostly an internal document to explore and check results. It also creates the figures used on the website and in other documents.
These data are the OHI scores for the eez regions of 220 countries and territories from 2012 to 2022.
Region 0 is the global average scores, which are calculated using an area-weighted average of the region scores (status, likely future state, and score).
This section describes global patterns in index and goal scores. The overall global score was 69.21.
Alternative color scale
Average global performance of the 10 goals.
Flower plots for each region can be downloaded from here
Country index scores for 2022 Maps describing goal and index scores can be downloaded from here.
Distribution of country index scores. The median index score among countries was 68.65.
The regions with index scores of 80 or greater are:
| region_name | Index |
|---|---|
| Macquarie Island | 92.32 |
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 90.11 |
| Ile Europa | 86.51 |
| Jarvis Island | 84.23 |
| Sint Maarten | 83.37 |
| Clipperton Island | 83.20 |
| Seychelles | 82.85 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 80.50 |
The regions with index scores of 60 or less are:
| region_name | Index |
|---|---|
| Israel | 59.59 |
| Brunei | 59.57 |
| Haiti | 59.53 |
| Colombia | 59.13 |
| Pakistan | 58.91 |
| Sri Lanka | 58.30 |
| Libya | 58.03 |
| Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island | 57.86 |
| Tunisia | 57.30 |
| Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) | 57.30 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 56.70 |
| India | 56.69 |
| Tristan da Cunha | 56.34 |
| Guyana | 53.99 |
| Lebanon | 53.82 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 53.41 |
| Eritrea | 53.36 |
| Falkland Islands | 53.35 |
| Sudan | 52.92 |
| Republique du Congo | 50.22 |
| Syria | 49.40 |
| Ivory Coast | 48.81 |
Carpet plot figure (download as high resolution png) providing an overview of the scores from the 2022 assessment. Each row represents a region, the main groupings represent goals, and within each goal there are 7 years of data. Black regions indicate no data.
Don’t try too hard to interpret the results for specific countries/goals/years!!
This plot is good for providing a quick overview of:
This interactive table describes the index and goal scores for the regions in 2022 (or, download csv version):
Trend values are slope estimates from a linear model of scores for each region/goal over the past 11 years. Positive values indicate increasing scores during the past 11 years and negative values indicate decreasing scores.
A color-coded table of trend values for each country is available here (as well as a csv file).
NOTE: Currently, these data include the livelihoods and economies goal but these results should be viewed sceptically because these data were last updated for the 2013 assessment. Many other goals contain components with poor data resolution (i.e., infrequently, or never, measured over time).
The following table provides the global scores (eez area weighted average of region scores) for the Index and goals/subgoals for all years.
| goal | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index | 69.36 | 69.89 | 70.31 | 70.55 | 70.66 | 70.41 | 70.39 | 70.05 | 68.76 | 68.97 | 69.21 |
| Artisanal opportunities | 75.77 | 76.27 | 76.70 | 76.67 | 75.93 | 75.12 | 75.14 | 74.86 | 75.42 | 74.75 | 77.10 |
| Species condition (subgoal) | 79.67 | 79.47 | 79.26 | 79.07 | 78.87 | 78.66 | 78.47 | 78.28 | 78.08 | 77.86 | 77.65 |
| Biodiversity | 79.04 | 78.47 | 78.04 | 78.22 | 77.86 | 77.36 | 77.09 | 76.71 | 76.37 | 76.31 | 76.26 |
| Habitat (subgoal) | 78.42 | 77.47 | 76.81 | 77.37 | 76.85 | 76.06 | 75.72 | 75.13 | 74.65 | 74.76 | 74.86 |
| Coastal protection | 82.57 | 82.52 | 82.58 | 82.56 | 82.71 | 82.23 | 81.94 | 81.71 | 81.76 | 81.90 | 82.35 |
| Carbon storage | 81.00 | 80.99 | 80.99 | 80.99 | 80.98 | 80.98 | 81.02 | 81.07 | 81.06 | 81.04 | 81.04 |
| Clean water | 67.68 | 67.61 | 68.50 | 68.77 | 69.15 | 69.26 | 69.40 | 69.00 | 69.20 | 70.19 | 70.19 |
| Fisheries (subgoal) | 53.71 | 54.37 | 54.90 | 54.82 | 54.08 | 53.75 | 53.36 | 53.50 | 53.54 | 53.36 | 53.41 |
| Food provision | 50.58 | 50.86 | 51.28 | 51.17 | 50.50 | 50.11 | 49.79 | 49.83 | 49.81 | 49.60 | 49.51 |
| Mariculture (subgoal) | 5.66 | 5.57 | 5.59 | 5.66 | 5.78 | 5.90 | 6.01 | 6.10 | 6.22 | 6.37 | 6.55 |
| Iconic species (subgoal) | 64.02 | 64.95 | 65.02 | 65.46 | 64.66 | 64.57 | 65.49 | 62.67 | 60.31 | 59.83 | 59.71 |
| Sense of place | 59.43 | 59.99 | 60.82 | 61.24 | 61.45 | 62.35 | 63.56 | 62.65 | 61.41 | 61.28 | 61.03 |
| Lasting special places (subgoal) | 54.84 | 55.03 | 56.62 | 57.02 | 58.25 | 60.12 | 61.63 | 62.63 | 62.51 | 62.73 | 62.34 |
| Natural products | 76.10 | 76.04 | 77.45 | 78.15 | 78.49 | 78.32 | 76.97 | 75.67 | 76.03 | 75.09 | 74.86 |
| Tourism & recreation | 44.54 | 45.60 | 46.27 | 47.36 | 48.97 | 47.96 | 48.35 | 48.13 | 35.31 | 38.45 | 38.80 |
The following is a preliminary analysis of how the global scores changed over time. Global index scores decreased by an average -0.09 points per year, with 135 regions having decreasing trends and 78 having increasing trends.
| goal | avg. change per year | P-value | # regions positive trend | # regions negative trend | mean trend | SD trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tourism & recreation | -0.81 | 0.0695 | 62 | 132 | -0.84 | 1.73 |
| Iconic species (subgoal) | -0.55 | 0.0035 | 32 | 188 | -0.69 | 0.55 |
| Habitat (subgoal) | -0.37 | 0.0000 | 63 | 128 | -0.41 | 1.00 |
| Biodiversity | -0.28 | 0.0000 | 24 | 195 | -0.35 | 0.52 |
| Species condition (subgoal) | -0.20 | 0.0000 | 14 | 205 | -0.29 | 0.16 |
| Natural products | -0.19 | 0.1332 | 72 | 117 | -0.39 | 2.54 |
| Food provision | -0.17 | 0.0006 | 82 | 131 | -0.07 | 0.67 |
| Fisheries (subgoal) | -0.12 | 0.0202 | 68 | 142 | -0.13 | 0.48 |
| Index | -0.09 | 0.1551 | 78 | 134 | -0.11 | 0.38 |
| Coastal protection | -0.08 | 0.0170 | 40 | 36 | 0.00 | 0.09 |
| Artisanal opportunities | -0.07 | 0.3927 | 93 | 103 | 0.01 | 1.41 |
| Carbon storage | 0.01 | 0.0091 | 43 | 31 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| Livelihoods | 0.03 | 0.1127 | 69 | 63 | -0.02 | 0.47 |
| Mariculture (subgoal) | 0.10 | 0.0000 | 49 | 29 | 0.16 | 0.70 |
| Livelihoods & economies | 0.17 | 0.1159 | 139 | 35 | 0.11 | 0.40 |
| Sense of place | 0.18 | 0.1049 | 84 | 135 | 0.12 | 1.19 |
| Clean water | 0.23 | 0.0001 | 144 | 74 | 0.29 | 0.64 |
| Economies | 0.31 | 0.1171 | 133 | 16 | 0.25 | 0.54 |
| Lasting special places (subgoal) | 0.91 | 0.0000 | 81 | 30 | 0.93 | 2.34 |
The global average decreased by an average of -0.09 points per year, but there was a good deal of variation in trend among regions and goals.
The following histogram describes the distribution of trend (e.g., change in score per year) in index scores:
The 10 regions with the largest increases in index scores are:
| country | trend |
|---|---|
| Pitcairn | 1.26 |
| Clipperton Island | 0.98 |
| Netherlands | 0.84 |
| Thailand | 0.75 |
| South Korea | 0.74 |
| Japan | 0.70 |
| Papua New Guinea | 0.57 |
| Albania | 0.54 |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 0.51 |
| Tokelau | 0.49 |
The 10 regions with the largest decreases in index scores are:
| country | trend |
|---|---|
| Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands of the United States | -0.75 |
| Montserrat | -0.76 |
| Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) | -0.76 |
| Bermuda | -0.83 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | -0.84 |
| Northern Saint-Martin | -0.87 |
| Falkland Islands | -1.03 |
| Marshall Islands | -1.18 |
| Palau | -1.34 |
| Panama | -1.35 |
A bar plot describing change in trend for country and goals:
This section takes a closer look at the goal/subgoal scores for the 2022 scenario.
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Antigua and Barbuda | 100.00 |
| Wallis and Futuna | 100.00 |
| Nauru | 100.00 |
| Marshall Islands | 100.00 |
| Solomon Islands | 100.00 |
| Costa Rica | 100.00 |
| Latvia | 99.83 |
| Nigeria | 99.79 |
| Samoa | 99.47 |
| Saint Helena | 99.42 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Tristan da Cunha | 44.24 |
| Maldives | 43.68 |
| Norfolk Island | 42.74 |
| Phoenix Islands (Kiribati) | 41.83 |
| Dominica | 37.15 |
| Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) | 36.09 |
| South Africa | 35.82 |
| Ukraine | 33.21 |
| Palau | 27.01 |
| Georgia | 25.86 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Finland | 90.55 |
| Estonia | 90.11 |
| Poland | 90.04 |
| Lithuania | 89.80 |
| Latvia | 89.66 |
| Sweden | 88.37 |
| Jordan | 87.73 |
| Djibouti | 87.61 |
| Northern Saint-Martin | 86.84 |
| Sint Eustatius | 86.52 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Greece | 63.71 |
| Italy | 63.14 |
| Israel | 63.06 |
| Syria | 62.53 |
| Algeria | 61.36 |
| Lebanon | 60.41 |
| Malta | 60.38 |
| Libya | 57.81 |
| Cyprus | 57.23 |
| Monaco | 55.45 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Sint Eustatius | 93.26 |
| Saba | 92.77 |
| Sint Maarten | 92.56 |
| Oecussi Ambeno | 91.87 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 91.57 |
| Djibouti | 90.98 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 90.85 |
| Northern Saint-Martin | 90.52 |
| Jordan | 88.75 |
| Barbados | 88.71 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Montenegro | 60.71 |
| Lebanon | 60.06 |
| Monaco | 59.76 |
| Greece | 59.42 |
| Republique du Congo | 58.74 |
| Ivory Coast | 58.32 |
| Faeroe Islands | 58.16 |
| Falkland Islands | 56.24 |
| Croatia | 55.65 |
| Syria | 50.40 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Sint Maarten | 100 |
| Clipperton Island | 100 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 100 |
| Saba | 100 |
| Sint Eustatius | 100 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 100 |
| Tuvalu | 100 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 100 |
| Wallis and Futuna | 100 |
| Tokelau | 100 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Ukraine | 49.98 |
| Iceland | 47.38 |
| Bulgaria | 45.88 |
| Republique du Congo | 45.08 |
| Ivory Coast | 43.01 |
| Poland | 42.85 |
| Croatia | 40.52 |
| Faeroe Islands | 40.08 |
| Syria | 38.26 |
| Falkland Islands | 31.46 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Macquarie Island | 100 |
| Sint Maarten | 100 |
| Clipperton Island | 100 |
| Saba | 100 |
| Sint Eustatius | 100 |
| Oecussi Ambeno | 100 |
| Tuvalu | 100 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 100 |
| Wallis and Futuna | 100 |
| Azores | 100 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Somalia | 55.57 |
| Argentina | 55.45 |
| British Virgin Islands | 54.54 |
| Chile | 51.66 |
| Bermuda | 51.18 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 36.42 |
| Guyana | 32.24 |
| Pakistan | 23.11 |
| Ivory Coast | 18.03 |
| Republique du Congo | 10.02 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Ile Europa | 100 |
| Sint Maarten | 100 |
| Saba | 100 |
| Sint Eustatius | 100 |
| Mayotte | 100 |
| Northern Saint-Martin | 100 |
| Tuvalu | 100 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 100 |
| Anguilla | 100 |
| Tokelau | 100 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Montenegro | 55.66 |
| Curacao | 50.65 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 44.63 |
| Republique du Congo | 37.13 |
| Latvia | 36.56 |
| Morocco | 33.23 |
| Poland | 30.80 |
| Lithuania | 23.45 |
| Lebanon | 5.05 |
| Syria | 3.37 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 99.25 |
| Bouvet Island | 99.25 |
| Jarvis Island | 99.23 |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 98.54 |
| Macquarie Island | 97.67 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 97.31 |
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 96.77 |
| Falkland Islands | 96.60 |
| Phoenix Islands (Kiribati) | 96.52 |
| Palmyra Atoll | 93.10 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| India | 33.70 |
| Ghana | 33.37 |
| Nigeria | 33.19 |
| Bangladesh | 29.51 |
| Marshall Islands | 29.07 |
| Cameroon | 28.68 |
| Togo | 20.56 |
| Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) | 18.91 |
| Nauru | 18.56 |
| Benin | 17.44 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Aruba | 100 |
| Mayotte | 100 |
| Oman | 100 |
| Slovenia | 100 |
| Portugal | 100 |
| New Zealand | 100 |
| Tuvalu | 100 |
| Estonia | 100 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 100 |
| France | 100 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Niue | 31.73 |
| Guadeloupe and Martinique | 30.39 |
| French Guiana | 29.78 |
| Guinea Bissau | 25.82 |
| Saint Helena | 23.14 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 20.76 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 18.57 |
| Falkland Islands | 16.17 |
| Eritrea | 6.69 |
| East Timor | 0.05 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Aruba | 100 |
| Mayotte | 100 |
| Oman | 100 |
| Slovenia | 100 |
| New Zealand | 100 |
| Tuvalu | 100 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 100 |
| Sweden | 100 |
| Uruguay | 100 |
| Albania | 100 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Cook Islands | 44.46 |
| French Guiana | 44.01 |
| Philippines | 43.94 |
| Saint Helena | 40.59 |
| Samoa | 39.88 |
| Falkland Islands | 36.68 |
| East Timor | 27.48 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 25.46 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 12.81 |
| Eritrea | 3.42 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Seychelles | 100 |
| United Arab Emirates | 100 |
| Aruba | 100 |
| Mayotte | 100 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 100 |
| Oman | 100 |
| Slovenia | 100 |
| New Zealand | 100 |
| Tuvalu | 100 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 100 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Gabon | 37.93 |
| Anguilla | 35.69 |
| Libya | 35.23 |
| Cook Islands | 33.98 |
| Benin | 33.98 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 33.69 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 30.16 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 7.04 |
| Samoa | 3.34 |
| Eritrea | 0.16 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Macquarie Island | 100.00 |
| Nauru | 97.61 |
| Palau | 93.21 |
| Ile Europa | 93.11 |
| Juan de Nova Island | 93.11 |
| Bassas da India | 93.11 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 92.01 |
| Estonia | 90.59 |
| Latvia | 89.64 |
| Prince Edward Islands | 89.39 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Mauritania | 13.04 |
| Guinea | 12.88 |
| Bulgaria | 12.73 |
| Johnston Atoll | 11.81 |
| Western Sahara | 11.23 |
| Jan Mayen | 10.61 |
| Pitcairn | 10.24 |
| Norfolk Island | 9.81 |
| Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island | 9.39 |
| Bouvet Island | 7.93 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Macquarie Island | 100.00 |
| Nauru | 97.61 |
| Palau | 93.19 |
| Ile Europa | 93.11 |
| Juan de Nova Island | 93.11 |
| Bassas da India | 93.11 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 92.01 |
| Estonia | 89.96 |
| Latvia | 89.64 |
| Prince Edward Islands | 89.39 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Cocos Islands | 14.40 |
| Mauritania | 13.04 |
| Guinea | 12.88 |
| Johnston Atoll | 11.81 |
| Western Sahara | 11.23 |
| Jan Mayen | 10.61 |
| Pitcairn | 10.24 |
| Norfolk Island | 9.81 |
| Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island | 9.39 |
| Bouvet Island | 7.93 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Germany | 93.51 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 88.38 |
| Finland | 88.35 |
| Denmark | 87.64 |
| Netherlands | 87.01 |
| Bulgaria | 87.01 |
| South Korea | 86.68 |
| Spain | 86.00 |
| Taiwan | 84.84 |
| China | 84.81 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Libya | 0 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 0 |
| Tristan da Cunha | 0 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 0 |
| Eritrea | 0 |
| Falkland Islands | 0 |
| Sudan | 0 |
| Republique du Congo | 0 |
| Syria | 0 |
| Ivory Coast | 0 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Finland | 92.39 |
| Latvia | 91.76 |
| Lithuania | 91.76 |
| Poland | 91.76 |
| Estonia | 91.00 |
| Sweden | 85.87 |
| Denmark | 85.43 |
| Germany | 84.76 |
| Bouvet Island | 84.53 |
| Romania | 83.93 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Glorioso Islands | 50.84 |
| Ile Tromelin | 50.84 |
| Crozet Islands | 50.84 |
| Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island | 50.84 |
| Solomon Islands | 50.26 |
| Myanmar | 49.88 |
| Tuvalu | 49.67 |
| Vanuatu | 49.05 |
| Cambodia | 48.97 |
| Thailand | 47.72 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Latvia | 95.88 |
| Lithuania | 95.88 |
| Poland | 95.88 |
| Estonia | 95.50 |
| Denmark | 92.71 |
| Germany | 92.38 |
| Bouvet Island | 92.27 |
| Romania | 91.96 |
| Bulgaria | 91.96 |
| Ukraine | 91.96 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Niue | 26.98 |
| French Polynesia | 26.91 |
| Tuvalu | 26.64 |
| Yemen | 26.25 |
| Sudan | 25.82 |
| Tokelau | 25.55 |
| Juan de Nova Island | 25.42 |
| Bassas da India | 25.42 |
| Ile Tromelin | 25.42 |
| Vanuatu | 25.05 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Macquarie Island | 100 |
| Howland Island and Baker Island | 100 |
| Ile Europa | 100 |
| Jarvis Island | 100 |
| Clipperton Island | 100 |
| Seychelles | 100 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 100 |
| Prince Edward Islands | 100 |
| Saba | 100 |
| Mayotte | 100 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Cocos Islands | 0 |
| Niue | 0 |
| Togo | 0 |
| Benin | 0 |
| Libya | 0 |
| Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) | 0 |
| Tristan da Cunha | 0 |
| Eritrea | 0 |
| Sudan | 0 |
| Syria | 0 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Djibouti | 100.00 |
| Jan Mayen | 100.00 |
| Nicaragua | 99.98 |
| Faeroe Islands | 99.98 |
| Iceland | 99.91 |
| Georgia | 99.90 |
| Lithuania | 99.80 |
| Ecuador | 99.74 |
| Seychelles | 99.71 |
| Sweden | 99.71 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Micronesia | 31.88 |
| Palau | 30.37 |
| New Caledonia | 27.41 |
| Fiji | 24.53 |
| Solomon Islands | 23.64 |
| Costa Rica | 17.29 |
| Singapore | 14.29 |
| Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) | 12.79 |
| Belize | 7.93 |
| Tonga | 1.02 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Seychelles | 100 |
| Aruba | 100 |
| Bahamas | 100 |
| Curacao | 100 |
| Anguilla | 100 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 100 |
| Georgia | 100 |
| Saint Lucia | 100 |
| Grenada | 100 |
| Netherlands | 100 |
| region_name | score |
|---|---|
| Pakistan | 7.65 |
| Libya | 6.92 |
| Gabon | 6.55 |
| Tanzania | 6.06 |
| Nigeria | 5.51 |
| Sierra Leone | 5.40 |
| Angola | 4.34 |
| Bangladesh | 3.91 |
| Papua New Guinea | 3.73 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2.53 |
Annual change in goal/subgoal scores calculated using a linear regression on scores from 2012 to 2022.
