Summary
This document describes results from the 2022 global OHI assessment.
This is mostly an internal document to explore and check results. It
also creates the figures used on the website and in other documents.
Setup
Primary dataset
These
data are the OHI scores for the eez regions of 220 countries and
territories from 2012 to 2022.
Region 0 is the global average scores, which are calculated using an
area-weighted average of the region scores (status, likely future state,
and score).
OHI scores
Global summary
This section describes global patterns in index and goal scores. The
overall global score was 69.21.
Alternative color scale
Average global performance of the 10 goals.
Flower plots for each region can be downloaded from here

Country summary
Country index scores for 2022 Maps describing goal and index scores
can be downloaded from here.

Distribution of country index scores. The median index score among
countries was 68.65.

The regions with index scores of 80 or greater are:
| Macquarie Island |
92.32 |
| Howland Island and Baker Island |
90.11 |
| Ile Europa |
86.51 |
| Jarvis Island |
84.23 |
| Sint Maarten |
83.37 |
| Clipperton Island |
83.20 |
| Seychelles |
82.85 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands |
80.50 |
The regions with index scores of 60 or less are:
| Israel |
59.59 |
| Brunei |
59.57 |
| Haiti |
59.53 |
| Colombia |
59.13 |
| Pakistan |
58.91 |
| Sri Lanka |
58.30 |
| Libya |
58.03 |
| Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island |
57.86 |
| Tunisia |
57.30 |
| Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) |
57.30 |
| Equatorial Guinea |
56.70 |
| India |
56.69 |
| Tristan da Cunha |
56.34 |
| Guyana |
53.99 |
| Lebanon |
53.82 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo |
53.41 |
| Eritrea |
53.36 |
| Falkland Islands |
53.35 |
| Sudan |
52.92 |
| Republique du Congo |
50.22 |
| Syria |
49.40 |
| Ivory Coast |
48.81 |
Country scores across scenario year
Carpet plot figure (download
as high resolution png) providing an overview of the scores from the
2022 assessment. Each row represents a region, the main groupings
represent goals, and within each goal there are 7 years of data. Black
regions indicate no data.

Don’t try too hard to interpret the results for specific
countries/goals/years!!
This plot is good for providing a quick overview of:
- What is the range of scores?
- Which goals tend to have high scores across most regions (species,
habitat)
- Which goals have a lot of variation across regions (tourism &
recreation, lasting special places)
- Which goals are volatile across years (natural products, tourism
& recreation)
Data
This interactive table describes the index and goal scores for the
regions in 2022 (or, download
csv version):
OHI Trends
Trend values are slope estimates from a linear model of scores for
each region/goal over the past 11 years. Positive values indicate
increasing scores during the past 11 years and negative values indicate
decreasing scores.
A color-coded table of trend values for each country is available here
(as well as a csv
file).
NOTE: Currently, these data include the livelihoods and economies
goal but these results should be viewed sceptically because these data
were last updated for the 2013 assessment. Many other goals contain
components with poor data resolution (i.e., infrequently, or never,
measured over time).
Global summary
The following table provides the global scores (eez area weighted
average of region scores) for the Index and goals/subgoals for all
years.
| Index |
69.36 |
69.89 |
70.31 |
70.55 |
70.66 |
70.41 |
70.39 |
70.05 |
68.76 |
68.97 |
69.21 |
| Artisanal opportunities |
75.77 |
76.27 |
76.70 |
76.67 |
75.93 |
75.12 |
75.14 |
74.86 |
75.42 |
74.75 |
77.10 |
| Species condition (subgoal) |
79.67 |
79.47 |
79.26 |
79.07 |
78.87 |
78.66 |
78.47 |
78.28 |
78.08 |
77.86 |
77.65 |
| Biodiversity |
79.04 |
78.47 |
78.04 |
78.22 |
77.86 |
77.36 |
77.09 |
76.71 |
76.37 |
76.31 |
76.26 |
| Habitat (subgoal) |
78.42 |
77.47 |
76.81 |
77.37 |
76.85 |
76.06 |
75.72 |
75.13 |
74.65 |
74.76 |
74.86 |
| Coastal protection |
82.57 |
82.52 |
82.58 |
82.56 |
82.71 |
82.23 |
81.94 |
81.71 |
81.76 |
81.90 |
82.35 |
| Carbon storage |
81.00 |
80.99 |
80.99 |
80.99 |
80.98 |
80.98 |
81.02 |
81.07 |
81.06 |
81.04 |
81.04 |
| Clean water |
67.68 |
67.61 |
68.50 |
68.77 |
69.15 |
69.26 |
69.40 |
69.00 |
69.20 |
70.19 |
70.19 |
| Fisheries (subgoal) |
53.71 |
54.37 |
54.90 |
54.82 |
54.08 |
53.75 |
53.36 |
53.50 |
53.54 |
53.36 |
53.41 |
| Food provision |
50.58 |
50.86 |
51.28 |
51.17 |
50.50 |
50.11 |
49.79 |
49.83 |
49.81 |
49.60 |
49.51 |
| Mariculture (subgoal) |
5.66 |
5.57 |
5.59 |
5.66 |
5.78 |
5.90 |
6.01 |
6.10 |
6.22 |
6.37 |
6.55 |
| Iconic species (subgoal) |
64.02 |
64.95 |
65.02 |
65.46 |
64.66 |
64.57 |
65.49 |
62.67 |
60.31 |
59.83 |
59.71 |
| Sense of place |
59.43 |
59.99 |
60.82 |
61.24 |
61.45 |
62.35 |
63.56 |
62.65 |
61.41 |
61.28 |
61.03 |
| Lasting special places (subgoal) |
54.84 |
55.03 |
56.62 |
57.02 |
58.25 |
60.12 |
61.63 |
62.63 |
62.51 |
62.73 |
62.34 |
| Natural products |
76.10 |
76.04 |
77.45 |
78.15 |
78.49 |
78.32 |
76.97 |
75.67 |
76.03 |
75.09 |
74.86 |
| Tourism & recreation |
44.54 |
45.60 |
46.27 |
47.36 |
48.97 |
47.96 |
48.35 |
48.13 |
35.31 |
38.45 |
38.80 |
The following is a preliminary analysis of how the global scores
changed over time. Global index scores decreased by an average -0.09
points per year, with 135 regions having decreasing trends and 78 having
increasing trends.
| Tourism & recreation |
-0.81 |
0.0695 |
62 |
132 |
-0.84 |
1.73 |
| Iconic species (subgoal) |
-0.55 |
0.0035 |
32 |
188 |
-0.69 |
0.55 |
| Habitat (subgoal) |
-0.37 |
0.0000 |
63 |
128 |
-0.41 |
1.00 |
| Biodiversity |
-0.28 |
0.0000 |
24 |
195 |
-0.35 |
0.52 |
| Species condition (subgoal) |
-0.20 |
0.0000 |
14 |
205 |
-0.29 |
0.16 |
| Natural products |
-0.19 |
0.1332 |
72 |
117 |
-0.39 |
2.54 |
| Food provision |
-0.17 |
0.0006 |
82 |
131 |
-0.07 |
0.67 |
| Fisheries (subgoal) |
-0.12 |
0.0202 |
68 |
142 |
-0.13 |
0.48 |
| Index |
-0.09 |
0.1551 |
78 |
134 |
-0.11 |
0.38 |
| Coastal protection |
-0.08 |
0.0170 |
40 |
36 |
0.00 |
0.09 |
| Artisanal opportunities |
-0.07 |
0.3927 |
93 |
103 |
0.01 |
1.41 |
| Carbon storage |
0.01 |
0.0091 |
43 |
31 |
0.01 |
0.05 |
| Livelihoods |
0.03 |
0.1127 |
69 |
63 |
-0.02 |
0.47 |
| Mariculture (subgoal) |
0.10 |
0.0000 |
49 |
29 |
0.16 |
0.70 |
| Livelihoods & economies |
0.17 |
0.1159 |
139 |
35 |
0.11 |
0.40 |
| Sense of place |
0.18 |
0.1049 |
84 |
135 |
0.12 |
1.19 |
| Clean water |
0.23 |
0.0001 |
144 |
74 |
0.29 |
0.64 |
| Economies |
0.31 |
0.1171 |
133 |
16 |
0.25 |
0.54 |
| Lasting special places (subgoal) |
0.91 |
0.0000 |
81 |
30 |
0.93 |
2.34 |
Country summary
The global average decreased by an average of -0.09 points per year,
but there was a good deal of variation in trend among regions and
goals.

The following histogram describes the distribution of trend (e.g.,
change in score per year) in index scores:

The 10 regions with the largest increases in index scores are:
| Pitcairn |
1.26 |
| Clipperton Island |
0.98 |
| Netherlands |
0.84 |
| Thailand |
0.75 |
| South Korea |
0.74 |
| Japan |
0.70 |
| Papua New Guinea |
0.57 |
| Albania |
0.54 |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |
0.51 |
| Tokelau |
0.49 |
The 10 regions with the largest decreases in index scores are:
| Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands of the United
States |
-0.75 |
| Montserrat |
-0.76 |
| Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) |
-0.76 |
| Bermuda |
-0.83 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
-0.84 |
| Northern Saint-Martin |
-0.87 |
| Falkland Islands |
-1.03 |
| Marshall Islands |
-1.18 |
| Palau |
-1.34 |
| Panama |
-1.35 |
Country change in goal
A bar plot describing change in trend for country and goals:

Comparing assessment years
The following is a comparison of the global status scores generated
for the 2022 scenario by this year’s assessment vs. last year’s
assessment.
If the models and source data remain the same, these scores should be
exactly the same. Differences indicate changes in methods or source
data.
These changes do not reflect changes in actual system health!
| Artisanal opportunities |
0.0082500 |
2.1456818 |
-0.3521364 |
0.0455500 |
0.0828000 |
-0.0024500 |
| Biodiversity |
-3.9510000 |
NaN |
NaN |
-3.8297727 |
-3.7077727 |
-0.0070000 |
| Carbon storage |
1.0981667 |
0.5587222 |
0.7436667 |
0.6668889 |
0.2353333 |
0.0170556 |
| Clean water |
-0.0009545 |
0.0125455 |
-0.0127273 |
-0.0003182 |
0.0000000 |
0.0000000 |
| Coastal protection |
-0.2904831 |
-1.0176812 |
0.1002899 |
-0.2957971 |
-0.3016908 |
-0.0018357 |
| Economies |
-0.0273529 |
0.7632227 |
-0.0170455 |
-0.0136765 |
0.0000000 |
0.0000000 |
| Fisheries (subgoal) |
-0.0252727 |
3.1644091 |
-0.0498182 |
-0.0127727 |
0.0000000 |
0.0000000 |
| Food provision |
-0.0374091 |
NaN |
NaN |
-0.0355455 |
-0.0344545 |
0.0016364 |
| Habitat (subgoal) |
-8.3060455 |
1.7814091 |
0.2421818 |
-8.0125000 |
-7.7193636 |
-0.0169091 |
| Iconic species (subgoal) |
-0.7462727 |
0.1890455 |
-0.0016364 |
-0.7438636 |
-0.7415000 |
-0.0002727 |
| Index |
-1.4809545 |
NA |
NA |
-1.2299545 |
NA |
NA |
| Lasting special places (subgoal) |
1.1225000 |
0.2343636 |
-0.0125000 |
1.0329545 |
0.9430909 |
0.0131364 |
| Livelihoods |
-0.0264706 |
0.8876777 |
-0.0122273 |
-0.0132843 |
0.0000000 |
0.0000000 |
| Livelihoods & economies |
-0.0270588 |
NaN |
NaN |
-0.0133824 |
0.0000000 |
0.0000000 |
| Mariculture (subgoal) |
0.1345361 |
0.0125909 |
-0.0127273 |
0.1187113 |
0.1026289 |
-0.0041237 |
| Natural products |
-0.4904188 |
2.9334375 |
0.2142708 |
-0.5944503 |
-0.6981675 |
0.0025789 |
| Sense of place |
0.1887727 |
NaN |
NaN |
0.1443636 |
0.1006364 |
0.0064545 |
| Species condition (subgoal) |
0.4041818 |
3.4493636 |
-0.1260455 |
0.3536818 |
0.3036818 |
0.0028636 |
| Tourism & recreation |
-11.9735000 |
0.0119091 |
-0.0127273 |
-8.9146500 |
-5.8557500 |
-0.2428500 |
Country data
The following interactive plot provides an overview of how the 2022
scenario scores changed between the 2021 and 2022 assessments for all
goals and dimensions.